Abstract: In view of the 10 kV power possible problems such as insulation aging, breakdown and so on in the operation of the distribution system, it is proposed to improve the stability and reliability of the distribution system through condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of distribution equipment. Case studies are combined to analyze the process of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of transformers, voltage circuit breakers, disconnectors, current transformers, voltage transformers, and surge arresters, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of equipment fault diagnosis.